Longevity Questions

Konstantin, [06.05.2025 19:24]
17. What enzymes contribute to the accumulation of toxic metabolites in cells with age?
18. What enzymes are involved in protein misfolding and damage to their structure?
19. How are changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes associated with age-related damage to cellular structures?
20. What enzymes are responsible for regulating intercellular communication processes, the disruption of which accelerates aging?
20 level 6 questions for the first question of the fifth level ("What specific enzymes are involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause damage with age?"):
1. What is the exact structure and mechanism of action of enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
2. Which isoforms of NADPH oxidase most actively contribute to the formation of ROS in aging cells?
3. Which mitochondrial enzymatic complexes are most often involved in electron leakage with subsequent formation of ROS?
4. How is the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and other antioxidant enzymes regulated in aging cells?
5. Which enzymatic reactions specifically lead to the formation of the superoxide radical (O₂⁻•)?
6. Which enzymes help convert hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into more reactive and toxic forms of ROS?
7. How are peroxisomal enzymatic complexes involved in the generation of ROS that accelerate cellular aging?
8. Which enzymes that regulate cellular respiration become sources of increased ROS levels during aging?
9. How exactly do lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase enzymes affect ROS generation in aging cells?
10. Which enzymes involved in iron and copper metabolism stimulate ROS production?
11. How can regulatory enzymes involved in cell signaling pathways increase ROS levels?
12. What specific enzymatic defects cause cells to be unable to effectively remove ROS?
13. Which enzymatic reactions most effectively convert ROS into less harmful compounds, and how does their activity change with age?
14. How does the ratio of prooxidant and antioxidant enzymes change in an aging cell?
15. Which enzymes influence the balance of NO and ROS in aging tissues?
16. What is the role of xanthine oxidase in ROS formation during cellular aging?
17. How is the enzymatic activity of cytochromes P450 related to ROS production and aging?
18. Which enzymes of the mitochondrial Krebs cycle are most prone to ROS-related damage?
19. How do enzymatic reactions occurring in lysosomes contribute to ROS accumulation in aging cells?
20. What methods can objectively assess the activity and contribution of each enzyme to ROS generation in cells during aging?
20 level 7 questions for the first question of level 6 (“What is the exact structure and mechanism of action of enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS)?”):
1. What is the complete three-dimensional atomic structure of NADPH oxidase and its catalytic centers?
2. Which structural elements of ROS-generating enzymes are responsible for electron transfer?
3. Which mechanism of electron transfer within the enzyme ensures the formation of the superoxide radical?
4. Which amino acid residues in the active centers of enzymes are directly involved in the generation of ROS?
5. How do conformational changes in the enzyme affect its ability to form ROS?
6. Which protein domains in the structure of enzymes regulate their activation or inactivation with respect to ROS production?
7. How exactly is the molecular mechanism designed to regulate oxygen access to the active center of the enzyme for the generation of ROS?
8. What is the exact structure of the mitochondrial enzymatic complex responsible for electron leakage and ROS generation?
9. What cofactors (e.g., hemes or metal ions) are involved in the catalytic mechanism of ROS-forming enzymes?
10. What is the role of water and other small molecules in the mechanism of ROS catalysis by enzymes?
11. What structural modifications of the enzyme (e.g., oxidation, nitrosylation) lead to increased ROS generation?
12. What are the kinetics of the individual steps in the catalytic cycle of ROS-forming enzymes?
13. How do changes in pH and ionic environment affect the structure and catalytic activity of ROS-producing enzymes?
14. Which enzymatic subunits are required for the assembly of the active ROS-producing complex?
15. What intramolecular interactions stabilize the active sites of ROS-producing enzymes?
16. What is the precise role of the cytosolic and membrane domains of enzymes in regulating ROS generation?
17. How do ROS-producing enzymes interact with other proteins at the structural level?
18. What post-translational modifications critically affect the structure and functionality of ROS-producing enzymes?
19. How do structural mutations in enzymes affect their ability to produce ROS?
20. What experimental approaches are most effective for detailed study of the structure and mechanisms of action of ROS-producing enzymes?